Raghunātha on seeing absence

Later Nyāya philosophers maintain that absences are real particulars, irreducible to any positives, we perceive. The fourteenth-century philosopher Gaṅgeśa argues for a condition on absence perception according which always perceive an as of its counterpositive, or corresponding absent object property. Call this the ‘counterpositive condition’. shows counterpositive is both supported by plausible thesis about epistemology relational properties and motivates defence irreducible. But against Gaṅgeśa, sixteenth-century Raghunātha his seventeenth-century commentators Bhavānanda, Jagadīśa, Gadādhara identify cases in fails. In article, I examine Nyāya-internal debate over condition. conclude makes compelling case